Potential in vivo immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus membranaceus, Iris germanica, Glycyrrhiza glabra and its active components on mice after exposure to bisphenol S

ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aims to examine the effects of Astragalus membranaceus, Iris germanica, and Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts on immune system regulation in mice. The use of BPS as a replacement for other bisphenols has prompted scientific attention in them toxicological evaluations in vivo and in vitro. Given the strong association between bisphenol S (BPS) and immune-related disorders, we investigated whether BPS can cause damage in thespleen of a mouse model. Approaches: We obtained male CD1 mice weighing between 33 and 39 grams and aged 8 weeks obtained from the Cairo Serum and Vaccine Institute (Egypt). The mice were housed in sterile, individually ventilated cages with a 12-hour light/dark cycle. The environment was maintained at 22 °C with 45% relative humidity. There were six groups of mice, and seven mice were in each group. One group was given olive oil (control group), while the remaining five groups received BPS at a dose of 100 μg/kg body weight/day. We administered the medication by intragastric injection for 55 consecutive days. Three types of herbs were used for treatment, with one group showing a positive effect. We administered a daily dose of 200 mg/kg of Astragalus membranaceus extract to Group 1 (G1). Group 2 (G2) received the same dose of Glycyrrhizin glabra extract. Group 3 (G3) received 200 mg/kg/day of Iris germanica extract. Group 4 (G4) received a mixture of herbal extracts in equal proportions (1:1:1 v/v), with a total dose of 200 mg/kg/day. We collected spleen tissue samples from the control and treatment groups. Results: We compared the positive control group with its negative counterpart, and then compared the herb-treated groups with the infected group. The individual use of the herbs. However, the group receiving the herbal mixture demonstrated the most significant improvement and performed most effectively. Astragalus membranaceus, Iris germanica, and Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts enhance the immune-modulating effectsof the spleen by preventing harmful substances from entering the body.