The Mixolab Parameters of Wheat/Quinoa Composite Flour and Their Relation to Quality Characteristics

Mohamed E. Abdel-Aziz

Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt

Abstract

Effect of addition of Quinoa flour (QF) in different levels (5, 10 and 15%) to wheat flour (WF) on the characteristics of the prepared pan bread was analyzed. Dough mixing properties, bread physical characteristics and sensory properties were evaluated. Increasing QF level in the QF/WF composites led to an increase in water absorption, dough development time, C4 and setback torque, and decrease in flour moisture, dough stability, C2, C3 and C5 when analyzed by Mixolab. The QF/WF composites produced darker bread and lower specific volume. Higher antioxidant activity and higher protein content were scored by pan bread containing QF. Bread samples prepared with QF (5, 10 and 15%) were accepted by panelists for their aroma, crust and crumb color, taste and overall acceptability.

Introduction

In Egypt, wheat is the most domestic grain crop utilized for bread making. Nevertheless, bread made from wheat flour is considered healthfully poor (Sabanis et al., 2009).

Due to the low quantity of wheat cultivated in Egypt and the importation of more than 90% of the domestic consumption from abroad, the use of other alternatives to wheat such as quinoa, amaranth and buckwheat was interested. Partial substitution of wheat flour by flours from non-wheat flours develops the wholesome nature of baked products and fulfills customers' requests for good nourishment and diversity in food items (Alvarez-Jubete et al., 2010).

However, this substitution will change rheological properties of the dough, and the bakery products quality. It is notable that proteins in non-wheat flours lack the capacity to shape the gluten network in charge of holding the gas created through the leavening (Gallagher et al., 2003).

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is an endemic crop of the Andean region. It has been recognized as a very nutritious grain, due to the good quality and quantity of its protein and essential fatty acids (Hager et al., 2012). Essential amino acid (EAA) content of quinoa has likewise been observed to be more than that of wheat flour (Stikic et al., 2012); especially, lysine (a limiting amino acid for cereals) which was observed to be two times higher than wheat flour. According to the USDA nutrient database (2014), quinoa flour composed of 6.07% total lipid, 14.12% protein, 64.16% carbohydrate and 7% dietary fiber.

Among various rheological procedures, Mixolab mechanical assembly has been utilized in numerous studies for testing behavior of the dough through production conditions (Huang et al., 2010). By using Mixolab it is conceivable to identify the mechanical changes due to blending and warming recreating the mechanical work just as the conditions that might be used through the baking process. The favorable aspect of using Mixolab is that one test can gauge properties of starch and proteins (and related enzymes).

The aim of this search was to investigate the impact of substitution of wheat flour by of quinoa seeds flour at 5, 10, and 15% on: (1) the nutritional quality of produced pan bread, (2) dough rheological properties prepared from blends of wheat and quinoa flours.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Wheat flour (WF) (72% extraction) and other ingredients used for pan bread making were obtained from the local market. Quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) were obtained from Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

Methods

Quinoa flour preparation

The quinoa seeds were washed several times with water to eliminate saponins until there was no more froth in the washing water, and then dried at 50 ̊C. The quinoa seeds were grinding to fine powder in an electric mill sieved through a 60 mesh and stored at 4 ̊C until used.

Preparation of wheat/quinoa flour blends

The following flour blends were prepared: 95 g of wheat flour+ ‏5 g of quinoa flour, 90 g of wheat flour+ ‏10 g of quinoa flour and 85 g of wheat flour+ ‏15 g of quinoa flour. The control bread was prepared with wheat flour. The flour quantities were related to 100 g of blend dry matter.

Production of pan breads

Bread making of all bread blends followed the procedures described by Schmiele et al. (2012).

Determination of rheological properties of the flour blends

The rheological behavior of the dough of wheat flour and its blends with quinoa flour was analyzed using Mixolab “Chopin+” protocol according to AACC (2005) method 54-60.01. Mixolab was used according to the method described by (Chopin, 2009) to measure water absorption (C1), protein weakening (C2), starch gelatinization (C3), amylase action (C4) and starch retrogradation (C5) characteristics of the flour. The calculated amount of wheat flour (from the apparatus programming) was put into the Mixolab bowl and exposed to hydration, blending and heating as indicated by the standard Chopin+ convention, with a setting of 80 rpm blending rate, 75 g dough weight, 30°C tank temperature and a total analysis period of 45 min.

Chemical composition of pan bread

Ash, crude fiber, protein and fat contents were determined according to methods described in AOAC (2005). Nitrogen free extract (NFE) was calculated by difference.

Physical characteristics of pan bread

The specific volume of pan bread loaves was determined according to AACC (2005). The loaves were weighed in a semi- analytical balance and the volume measured by rapeseed displacement. The specific volume in cm³/g was calculated from the relationship of volume to weight ratio.

Color of pan bread

The color of crust and crumb pan bread were measured using a Minolta colorimeter (Chroma Meter CR400/410, Konica Minolta, Japan), where three readings were taken for each sample (Minolta, 1994).

Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity

Total phenolic content (TPC) of wheat flour, quinoa flour and pan bread samples and DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity were determined according to Lucini et al. (2015a).

Sensory evaluation of pan bread

Control pan bread (100% wheat flour) and pan bread containing QF at different levels were sensory evaluated by 20 panelists from the staff members of Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. The panelists were asked to evaluate color, appearance, odor, taste, texture and overall acceptability. Pan bread samples were evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale, where (1=dislike extremely, 2=dislike very much, 3=dislike moderately, 4=dislike slightly, 5=neither like nor dislike, 6=like slightly, 7=like moderately, 8=like very much, and 9= like extremely) as outlined by Ihekoronye and Ngoddy (1985).

Statistical analysis

All of the experimental data were performed in triplicate and the results were expressed as mean ±standard deviation. Analysis of variance was performed by one way ANOVA test and a statistically significant (p<0.05) was considered.

Results and Discussion

Rheological properties of composite flour

Mixolab was applied to test the characteristics of wheat flour (72% extraction) and its blends with quinoa flour and the obtained results are appeared in Table (1).

           Water absorption, stability and mechanical debilitating are parameters which point to dough properties through blending at steady temperature (30°C), depicting the dough behavior during production stage. Through blending hydration of the mixes and the extending and arrangement of the proteins happens, which led to the development of a 3 dimensional viscoelastic structure (Bonet et al., 2006). The Mixolab tests were carried out for each sample at 14 % moisture basis. The water amount was added to guarantee dough kneading opposition of torque 1.10 N.m which represent dough consistency 500 Brabender units (BU).

The wheat flour (72% extraction) need water absorption of 55 % (14% moisture content) to arrive a torque of 1.11 Nm. Moreover, addition of quinoa flour at 5% to wheat flour led to slightly reduction in water absorption by 0.18 %. Water absorption increased by 1.09 and 2.36 % by the addition of quinoa flour at 10 and 15 %, respectively.

Quinoa flour mixes had essentially higher water retention. The expansion of amylase action through the washing and drying process and through the preparation of flour could influence the conduct of quinoa flour hydration demonstrating that these flours require water and longer period to hydrate each of the mixes than wheat flour (Ahamed et al., 1996).

The C1 parameter of wheat flour (control sample) was 1.07 which was significantly lower than that of 5 % quinoa blend by 5.61 %. Blends of 10 and 15 % quinoa flour showed no significant difference from the control sample. At the point when the temperature of the dough was raised from 30 ᵒC at a rate of 4 ̊C/min, the gluten weakening happened and dough consistency reduce till C2 was arrived. The W90/Q10 and W85/Q15 blends showed lower values of C2 than the control sample (Table 1). The C2 value of wheat flour was 0.48 Nm, whereas it decreased by 6.25 % for W90/Q10 and W85/Q15 blends. Meanwhile, the C2 increased for W95/Q5 by 6.25 %.The dough temperature of wheat flour at C2 was 53.2ᵒC whereas it was 53.5ᵒC for W95/Q5 blend, 53.9ᵒC for W90/Q10 blend and 55.4 ᵒC for W85/Q15 blend. This indicated that the wheat flour and W95/Q5 blend started to gelatinize at a lower temperature than others.

These results showed that with increasing temperature and blending stress, the strength of dough decreased as a result of gluten weakening. As heating proceeded, protein changes have minor influence and the starch granules have predominant role in torque increase (Rosell et al., 2007). 

The raise in viscosity and so in the torque is the consequence of the starch granules distention because of the water absorption and amylose chains leaking into the fluid intergranular phase (Rosell et al., 2009). Wheat flour participate in a best starch performance of the blends (higher starch gelatinization, C3) than mixes, whereas the starch gelatinization of blends decreased by 3.45, 7.39 and 12.81 % for W95/Q5, W90/Q10 and W85/Q15 blends, respectively.

Moreover, significant differences were observed between all samples for C4 values which decreased by increasing quinoa flour level in the blends. The further decrease in viscosity (C4) is the after-effect of the physical breakdown of the granules because of the mechanical shear stress and the temperature limitation (Rosell et al., 2007).

Quinoa flours exhibited the lowest breakdown torques. Thereafter, on cooling, starch retrograded and the consistency decreased (C5). The C5 values decreased by 23.71%, 31.96% and 41.24% for W90/Q5, W90/Q10 and W85/Q15, respectively. Lower retrogradation might be related with expanded shelf life of bread as reported by Collar et al. (2007). Increasing quinoa flour level increased bread firmness during storage.

Chemical composition of pan bread containing QF:

Proximate chemical composition of pan bread samples is listed in Table (2).

Protein content of pan bread increased with increasing the quinoa flour % from 12.12±0.63% in the control to 14.78±0.02% in the sample containing 15% quinoa flour. This could be due to the high protein content in quinoa flour (20.03%). Fat, crude fiber and ash contents of pan bread containing quinoa were likewise higher than their contents in control. The N.F.E content in the bread containing quinoa flour was lower than control sample. These results are in accordance with Stikic et al. (2012) who stated that pan bread prepared with different percentages of quinoa flour have high nutritive value.

Physical characteristics of pan bread

Physical characteristics of pan bread, such as volume, weight and specific volume, were affected by the increase in the level of quinoa flour as presented in Table (3).

The changes in weight and volume values are reflected in specific volume which reliably diminished from 3.61 for control bread to 2.80 for bread containing 15% quinoa flour. The weight, volume and specific volume of the prepared pan bread were oppositely influenced by quinoa level. This decrease in pan bread volume with the increase the level of quinoa flour might be due to its high level of resistant starch.

All loaves samples were significantly different (P≤ 0.05) for their specific volume (Table 3). Increasing the substitution of wheat flour with quinoa flour significantly (P<0.05) resulted in reduction in the specific volume of the prepared bread. Such reduction in the specific volume could be due to pseudocereals that does not contain gluten (Gorinstein et al., 2008).

Additionally, interaction between protein (gluten) in wheat flour and fiber in the bread can prohibit its expansion during fermentation, leaving the bread denser with a little volume (Blandino et al., 2003).

Color quality of pan bread

The color parameters of pan bread samples are shown in Table 4. Increasing the quinoa flour in the composites resulted in a decrease the crust lightness (L) of prepared bread significantly. The lightness (L) value of the control was 73.38±0.56, whereas, it was 68.77±0.68 in the crust of pan bread made from 15% quinoa flour. Samples with higher levels of quinoa flour had darker crust due to the dark color of the quinoa flour and as well increasing protein with lysine residues and reducing sugars contents that react during baking producing non-enzymatic maillard browning.

The (a) value of crust bread was increased by increasing quinoa flour in the blend. The (a) value in control sample recorded 2.87±0.14 while it was 4.38±0.78 in bread containing 15% quinoa flour.

The yellowness value (b) of crust was significantly increased with increasing quinoa flour level. The (b) value of the control was 22.70±0.94, while bread containing 15% quinoa flour was 25.15±2.57. These results are near to the previous results by Stikic et al. (2012) who found that the bread containing 10, 15 and 20% quinoa flour had yellow-reddish crispy crust. Similarly, Wang et al. (2017) found that darkness and redness of bread was increased when the amount of quinoa flour increased in the flour composite. This was due to the high protein content in quinoa flour, which brought about the maillard browning during baking.

The color bread crumb containing different percentages of quinoa flour are presented in Table (4). The lightness (L) value showed significant decrease with proportion of quinoa flours increase, resulted in darker crumbs in pan bread. The (L) value of the control was 66.5±0.03, while in bread containing 15% quinoa flour was 64.28±0.22. The redness value (a) was significantly increased with increasing the quinoa flours in the blends compared to control.

The (a) value of the control was 1.38±0.02 whereas in bread containing 15% quinoa flour was 3.12±0.08. The (b) value also significantly increased when the quinoa flour increased in the composites compared to control. The (b) value of the control was 19.67±0.19, whereas in bread containing 15% quinoa flour was 24.58±0.36. The lightness (L) value of crumb was lower in bread containing quinoa flour, whereas (a) and (b) values were higher for bread containing quinoa flour compared to the control (Lorenz et al., 1995).

Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity

Total phenolic content (TPC) for wheat flour, and QF was 56.5 and  78.6 mg Gallic acid equivalent/ 100g (mg GAE/100g), respectively. DPPH scavenging activity of wheat flour was 13.8% while it reached 38.6% in the QF (Table 5). Control bread contained the lowest TPC content (30.7 mg GAE/100g) while, breads made from 5, 10 and 15% QF had higher TPC content of 37.8, 46.1 and 55.4 mg GAE/100g, respectively. Total phenolic content in all breads was lower than its respective flour.

QF enhanced DPPH scavenging activity percentages of bread samples compared to control bread. Similar results were found by Swieca et al. (2014) who concluded that antioxidant activity increase with the addition of quinoa seeds powder to the bread formula.

Sensory Evaluation of prepared pan bread

The loaves were exposed to sensory evaluation by the 9-point hedonic scale test, and the results are appeared in Table (6). No significant differences in the crust and crumb color, crumb appearance and overall acceptability parameters analyzed between the control pan bread (wheat flour 72% extraction) and the samples with quinoa flour.

The results in Table (6) indicated that crust color of control bread and bread samples contained 5% QF showed like moderately quality grade, while that contained 10% and 15% QF showed like slightly quality grade. Also, crumb color of control bread and bread samples contained 5% QF showed like moderately quality grade, while that contained 10% and 15%

QF showed like slightly quality grade. The same trend was observed in crumb appearance of control bread and bread samples contained QF. There were a significant differences in the taste and odor parameters analyzed between the control pan bread (wheat flour 72% extraction) and the samples with quinoa flour. Taste and odor of control bread and bread samples contained 5 and 10% QF showed like moderately quality grade, while that contained 15% QF showed like slightly quality grade.

The data also showed that flavor had higher score in case of control, which resulted in good acceptance (like very much). Blends contained 5, 10, and 15% of quinoa flour showed scores ranged between 7.40 to 6.42 for taste and 7.50 to 6.36 for odor, which are also accepted organoleptically.

Adding quinoa flour to wheat flour for making pan bread, it is critical to take note of that very amazing flavor of quinoa was perceived in each loaves of pan bread contained quinoa flour.

The overall acceptability in control pan bread was 8.76 ± 1.53 while in 15% QF it was 6.50 ± 1.31. This decrease in overall acceptability is expected to dark color of loaves made from different ratio of quinoa flour. The substitution of wheat flour by quinoa flour could cause changes in the sensory attributes of products.

Conclusions

The pan bread containing different levels of quinoa flour (5%, 10%, and 15%) increased its levels of protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash. The physical properties of the bread were changed by adding quinoa flour to wheat flour 72% extraction. The supplement of quinoa flour did not drastically influence the rheological qualities of dough. Replacement of wheat flour with quinoa flour slightly affected rheological qualities and did not cause distorting of dough. In this way, these impacts can be ignored contrasted with the raising of the healthy benefits. Sensory evaluation of bread showed high acceptability even at 15% supplementation level. The addition of quinoa flour to wheat flour improved effectively antioxidant status of pan bread.

Table (1): Mixolab parameters of wheat flour (W) and wheat flour /quinoa flour blends

Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different (p<0.05)

W (Control 100 % wheat flour), W95/Q5 (sample containing 95 % of wheat flour and 5% of quinoa flour), W90/Q10 (sample containing 90 % of wheat flour and 10% of quinoa flour), W85/Q15 (sample containing 85 % of wheat flour and 15% of quinoa flour)

Table (2): Chemical composition of pan bread    containing quinoa flour (on dry weight basis)

Means with different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P≤ 0.05).

W (Control 100 % wheat flour), W95/Q5 (sample containing 95 % of wheat flour and 5% of quinoa flour), W90/Q10 (sample containing 90 % of wheat flour and 10% of quinoa flour), W85/Q15 (sample containing 85 % of wheat flour and 15% of quinoa flour)

Table (3): Physical characteristics of pan bread containing quinoa flour

Means with different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P≤ 0.05).

W (Control 100 % wheat flour), W95/Q5 (sample containing 95 % of wheat flour and 5% of quinoa flour), W90/Q10 (sample containing 90 % of wheat flour and 10% of quinoa flour), W85/Q15 (sample containing 85 % of wheat flour and 15% of quinoa flour)

Table (4): Color quality of pan bread samples as affected by quinoa flour

Means with different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P≤ 0.05).

W (Control 100 % wheat flour), W95/Q5 (sample containing 95 % of wheat flour and 5% of quinoa flour), W90/Q10 (sample containing 90 % of wheat flour and 10% of quinoa flour), W85/Q15 (sample containing 85 % of wheat flour and 15% of quinoa flour)

Table (5): Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of wheat flour, quinoa flour and prepared pan bread

Means with different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P≤ 0.05).

W (Control 100 % wheat flour), W95/Q5 (sample containing 95 % of wheat flour and 5% of quinoa flour), W90/Q10 (sample containing 90 % of wheat flour and 10% of quinoa flour), W85/Q15 (sample containing 85 % of wheat flour and 15% of quinoa flour)

Table (6): Sensory evaluation of quinoa flour-based pan bread

Means with different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P≤ 0.05).

W (Control 100 % wheat flour), W95/Q5 (sample containing 95 % of wheat flour and 5% of quinoa flour), W90/Q10 (sample containing 90 % of wheat flour and 10% of quinoa flour), W85/Q15 (sample containing 85 % of wheat flour and 15% of quinoa flour)

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متغيرات جهاز الميکسولاب لخليط دقيق القمح/الکينوا وعلاقته

 بخصائص الجودة

محمد عماد الدين عبد العزيز

قسم الصناعات الغذائية – کلية الزراعة – جامعة القاهرة – الجيزة – مصر

الملخص العربى

تم دراسة تأثير اضافة دقيق بذور الکينوا لعمل خلطات مع دقيق القمح بنسب (5، 10، 15 %) على کل من خصائص العجن، الخصائص الفيزيائية، الخصائص الحسية للخبز الناتج. وقد اظهرت النتائج ان زيادة نسبة دقيق بذور الکينوا ادى الى زيادة کل من امتصاص الماء، وقت تطور العجين، ونشاط انزيم الأميليز C4، مدى مقاومة العجين فى نهاية فترة العجن بينما ادى زيادة دقيق بذور الکينوا الى قلة کل من ثبات العجين، تدهور النشا C5، معدل جلتنة النشا C3 وضعف البروتين C2 وهذا عند قياس خصائص العجن بواسطة جهاز الميکسولاب. أظهر الخبز المصنع من خلطات دقيق الکينوا مع دقيق القمح لونا داکنا وحجم نوعى منخفض، وأظهرت زيادة نسبة دقيق الکينوا فى الخلطات الى زيادة کل من مضادات الأکسدة ومحتوى البروتين بالخبز الناتج. وقد اکدت نتائج التحليل الأحصائى للتقييم الحسى للخبز والناتج باستخدام نسب مختلفة من دقيق الکينوا تأثر الصفات الحسية بارتفاع النسبة المستخدمة الا انها ما زالت تحظى بالقبول لدى المستهلک.