Comparative Study among Whey Protein, AminoAcids andChia Seeds on Enhancing thePerformance of Endurance Sports of Rats

The present work was conducted to study the comparative among whey protein, amino acids and chia seedsinenhancing the performance of endurance sports in rats.The chemical composition and fatty acid content of chia seeds were analyzed. Forty-eight albino rats (Sprague Dawley Strain) (150±5g) were divided into four groups (12 of each). The first main group fed on basal diet for 28 days and served as -ve control group. Groups from 2-4 were fed on a basal diet containing 10% whey protein, amino acids and chia seeds, respectively for 28 days. All 4 groups had the same swimming protocol for 28 days. The chemical composition of chia seeds showed that the highest content was carbohydrates followed by fats and protein with values of 39.5, 30 and 21, respectively. Chia seeds fatty acid contains the highest value of linoleic acid followed by γ-linolenic acid. Feeding rats led to a significant increase in creatinine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, serumalkaline phosphatase (ALP), ammonia, and


Introduction
Asuccessful swimming performance is a multi-factorial accomplishment, resulting from a complex interaction of physical, biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors, all of which are strongly affected by the special medium of water as well as by genetic factors. The nature of competitive swimming is unique, as most of the competitive events last less than four minutes. Yet training regimens have an endurance nature (many hours and many kilometers of swimming every day), which makes it impossible to classify swimming by definitions of aerobic-type or anaerobic-type events, as in track and field sports Sigalet al., (2022).Whey protein (WP) is the milk serum that has been separated from the milk during cheese manufacture. Specifically, whey is formed by the action of chymosin after casein curd formation. Whey is composed of vitamins, lactose, minerals, fat (in small amounts) and soluble proteins. In bovine milk, 80% of protein is in the form of casein, with WP accounting for the remaining 20%, which includes β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), αlactalbumin (α-Lac), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a small amount of lactoferrin (Lf). Whey protein can also improve vascular function, inflammation, glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism, especially of triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol. WP has a stronger satiety effect than other protein sources, including casein. This important property is primarily due to the high content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), such as leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan and valineSerena et al., (2023).
Amino acids are functional and structural units of protein, nutritionally classified into two groups: non-essential (synthesized in the body) and essential amino acids (cannot be synthesized rapidly enough to meet the metabolic requirement). Amino acids play vital physiological roles in the body. After absorption, amino acids are assembled and metabolized to form proteins that are used to build different body tissues. Ten amino acids classified as essential (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, phenylalanine and valine)Mahmoud et al., (2021). groups had the same swimming protocol. The swimming protocol was for 10 min every day during 1 st week, 15 min every day during 2 nd week, 20 min every day during 3 rd week and 25 min every day for 4 th week.
Swimming tank was manufactured using the method of Khaburet al., (2013).Rats were weighted weekly and feed intake (FI) was recorded daily all over the experimental period. At the end of the experiment, body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were calculated according to the method of Chapman et al., (1959). All rats were exposed to the exhaustive swimming test, the time when rats failed to rise to the upper surface of water to breathe and after 7sJiaoyanet al., (2011), then all experimental rats were sacrificed.Blood samples were collected from each rat and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 15 min to obtain serum for the biochemical analysis.Serum glucose was determined according to the methoddes cribed byTrinder, (1969).Serum creatine kinase was determined according to Tietz,(1976

Results and Discussion
The chemical composition as well as fatty acid content of chia seeds was illustrated in .
Phenolic components of chia seeds were illustrated in

Paige et al., (2014)prove that body weight and body fat
were significantly decreased from baseline in the whey protein ratio (WPR)within-group analyses. The effects of WP were more favourable when compared with carbohydrates than protein sources other than whey. Results from the subgroup analyses indicated a statistically significant increase in lean body mass among studies that included a resistance exercise component along with WP provision so this isin parallel with these results.

Fei and Feifan (2022)showed that alterations in dietary
essential amino acids intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling.  The effect of whey protein, amino acids and chia seeds.Oncreatinine kinase(CK)in rats is presented in Table ( The effect of whey protein, amino acids and chia seeds on LDH in rats is presented in Table (    Results in Table (          The "Whey" to good health: Whey protein and its beneficial effect on metabolism, gut microbiota and mental health, Trends in Food Science & Technology.